Liberalism

In an essay in After Modernity? Milbank describes the anthropology underwriting liberal order: “Liberalism is peculiar and unlikely because it proceeds by inventing a wholly artificial human being who has never really existed, and then pretending that we are all instances of such a species. This is the pure individual, thought of in abstraction from his or her gender, birth, associations, beliefs, and also, crucially, in equal abstraction from the religious or philosophical beliefs of the observer as to whether he is a creature made by God, or only material, or naturally evolved and so forth. Such an individual is not only asocial, he is also apsychological; his soul is in every way unspecified. To this blank entity one attaches ‘rights,’ which may be rights to freedom from fear or from material want.”

Ultimately, according to Rousseau and Kant, this pure individual is “the possessor of a free will - not a will determined to a good or even open to choosing this or that, but a will to will. The pure ‘nature’ of this individual is his or her capacity to break with any given nature, even to will against oneself.” Liberalism thus “imagines all social order to be either an artifice, the result of various contracts made between such individuals considered in the abstract (Hobbes and Locke) or else as the effect of the way such individuals through their imaginations fantastically project themselves into each other’s lives (roughly the view of the Scottish Enlightenment).”